FrequentTooth

Brabant Revolution

2005-11-18T02:20:00.000-08:00

(1789–90), a short-lived revolt of the Belgian provinces of the Austrian Netherlands against Habsburg rule. Centred in the province of Brabant, the revolution was precipitated by the comprehensive reforms of the Holy Roman emperor Joseph II (reigned 1765–90); these violated various medieval charters of provincial and local liberties, including Brabant's Joyeuse Entrée, which was

Mun River

2005-10-15T22:25:00.000-07:00

Thai Mae Nam Mun main river system of the Khorat Plateau, in eastern Thailand. The Mun rises in the San Kamphaeng Range northeast of Bangkok and flows east for 418 miles (673 km), receiving the Chi River, its main tributary, and entering the Mekong River at the Laotian border. Nakhon Ratchasima and Ubon Ratchathani are the chief towns on its banks. The river is seasonally navigable below Ubon

Asphyxia

2005-07-28T20:00:00.000-07:00

Asphyxia can be caused by injury to or obstruction of breathing passageways, as in strangulation or the aspiration of food (choking) or large quantities of fluid (near-drowning or drowning).

Scandinavian Literature, 20th-century literary trends

2005-07-27T01:50:00.000-07:00

The two greatest early 20th-century novelists

Skate Sailing

2005-07-24T14:40:00.000-07:00

The skate sail is generally rectangular or triangular in shape and about 50 to 60 square feet (5 to 6 square m) in area. It is stretched to

Nagy, Imre

2005-07-07T17:25:00.000-07:00

Interleukins are a subset of a larger group of cellular messenger molecules called cytokines, which are modulators

Biblical Literature, The Great Bible

2005-07-05T21:30:00.000-07:00

In an injunction of 1538, Henry VIII commanded the clergy to install in a convenient place in every parish church, “one book of the whole Bible of the largest volume in English.” The order seems to refer to an anticipated revision of the Matthew Bible. The first edition was printed in Paris and appeared in London in April 1539 in 2,500 copies. The huge page size earned it the sobriquet the

Gnetaceae

2005-06-28T21:55:00.000-07:00

A family of tropical gymnosperms in the order Gnetales, composed of one genus, Gnetum, with 30 or more species. Trees predominate among the African species; most of the Asian varieties are woody vines, but among the exceptions is G. gnemon, a tree about 20 metres (65 feet) tall that yields a useful fibre and an edible, plumlike fruit. The conspicuous, netlike veining of the broad leaves

Chicago Literary Renaissance

2005-06-02T23:40:00.000-07:00

The flourishing of literary activity in Chicago during the period from approximately 1912 to 1925. The leading writers of this renaissance—Theodore Dreiser, Sherwood Anderson, Edgar Lee Masters, and Carl Sandburg—realistically depicted the contemporary urban environment, decrying the loss of traditional rural values in the increasingly industrialized and materialistic

Saccharomyces

2005-05-31T18:25:00.000-07:00

Genus of yeasts belonging to the family Endomycetales. An outstanding characteristic of members of Saccharomyces is their ability to convert sugar into carbon dioxide and alcohol by means of enzymes. The yeasts used to ferment sugars in the manufacture of baked goods, beers, wines, distilled spirits, and industrial alcohols are all strains of one species, S.

Early, Jubal A(nderson)

2005-05-17T09:25:00.000-07:00

Confederate general in the American Civil War (1861–65) whose army at one time threatened Washington, D.C., but whose series of defeats during the Shenandoah Valley campaigns of late 1864 and early 1865 led to the final collapse of the South. A West Point graduate, Early served in the Second Seminole War in Florida (1835–42) and the Mexican War (1846–48). In the period

Steel, Annealing

2005-05-15T07:00:00.000-07:00

To make steel ductile for subsequent forming operations, an annealing treatment is applied. In annealing, the steel is usually held for several hours at several degrees below Ar1 (shown by the P-S-K line in the figure) and then slowly cooled. This precipitates and coagulates the carbides and results in large ferrite crystals. Cold-formed steel is usually annealed and

Conception Bay

2005-03-15T13:37:00.000-08:00

Inlet of the Atlantic Ocean indenting the north coast of the Avalon Peninsula on the southeastern coast of the island of Newfoundland, Canada. It was named by Gaspar C�rte-Real, the Portuguese explorer who visited the coast in 1500 on the Feast of the Conception (December 8). The bay is about 30 miles (50 km) long and 12 miles (19 km) wide. Its shore areas are among the oldest and most densely

Mondrian, Piet

2005-03-14T19:04:00.000-08:00

Original name �Pieter Cornelis Mondriaan� painter who was an important leader in the development of modern abstract art and a major exponent of the Dutch abstract-art movement known as De Stijl (�The Style�). In his mature paintings, Mondrian used the simplest combinations of straight lines, right angles, primary colours, and black, white, and gray.

National Action Bloc

2005-03-12T23:28:00.000-08:00

The National Action Bloc attracted young, educated Moroccans of many different views. Informally in existence since 1930, under the leadership of such notable figures

Anderson, Carl David

2005-03-11T14:14:00.000-08:00

Anderson received his Ph.D. in 1930 from the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, where he worked with physicist Robert Andrews Millikan.

Henri Pittier National Park

2005-03-10T21:05:00.000-08:00

Also called �Rancho Grande National Park, � park in the Cordillera de la Costa, Aragua state, Venezuela, occupying an area of 350 sq mi (900 sq km) between Lago (lake) de Valencia and the Caribbean. It was established in 1937, largely through the efforts of Henri Pittier, a Venezuelan naturalist, who convinced his government that the destruction of mountain forests would create droughts in the Aragua Valley and hasten the drying

Einsteinium

2005-03-09T07:37:00.000-08:00

(Es), synthetic chemical element of the actinide series in Group IIIb of the periodic table, atomic number 99. Not occurring in nature, einsteinium (as the isotope einsteinium-253), produced by intense neutron irradiation of uranium-238, was identified in December 1952 by Albert Ghiorso and co-workers at Berkeley, Calif., in debris taken from the first thermonuclear or hydrogen-bomb

Arsenate Mineral

2005-03-07T05:16:00.000-08:00

Any of a group of naturally occurring compounds of arsenic, oxygen, and various metals, most of which are rare, having crystallized under very restricted conditions. At the mineralogically famous L�ngban iron and manganese mines in central Sweden, more than 50 species of arsenate minerals have been described, many peculiar to the locality. Such compounds occur in

Dan Takuma

2005-03-06T00:35:00.000-08:00

Manager of the giant Mitsui zaibatsu, the greatest of the family-owned combines in pre-World War II Japan. A graduate of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and an important member of Japan's business elite, Dan was assassinated by right-wing nationalists who regarded him as a symbol of the evil power of high

Chuang-tzu

2005-03-05T15:08:00.000-08:00

Pinyin �Zhuangzi, �personal name �(Wade-Giles romanization) Chou� the most significant of China's early interpreters of Taoism, whose work (Chuang-tzu) is considered one of the definitive texts of Taoism and is thought to be more comprehensive than the Tao-te Ching, which is attributed to Lao-tzu, the first major patriarch of Taoism. Chuang-tzu's teachings also exerted a great influence on the development of Chinese Buddhism and had

Bruch, Max

2005-03-04T11:26:00.000-08:00

At 14 Bruch wrote a symphony and won a scholarship enabling him to study at Cologne. His first opera, Scherz, List und Rache (Jest, Deceit, and Revenge, text adapted from a work by Goethe), was performed in 1858. He conducted orchestral and choral

Kabul River

2005-03-03T19:25:00.000-08:00

Ancient Greek �Cophes, � river in eastern Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan, 435 miles (700 km) long, of which 350 miles are in Afghanistan. Rising in the Sanglakh Range 45 miles west of Kabul city, it flows east past Kabul and Jalalabad, north of the Khyber Pass into Pakistan, and past Peshawar; it joins the Indus River northwest of Islamabad. The river has four major tributaries, the Lowgar, the Panjsher, the Konar

Davidson, Bruce

2005-03-02T01:21:00.000-08:00

Davidson studied photography at the Rochester (New York) Institute of Technology (1951 - 54) and the School of Design of Yale University (1955) in New Haven, Connecticut. He worked for Life magazine for

Amboise, Georges D'

2005-03-01T10:47:00.000-08:00

Son of Pierre d'Amboise, who was chamberlain to Charles VII and Louis XI and ambassador to Rome, Georges received the bishopric of Montauban when only 14, and was appointed an almoner of Louis XI. Later,

Cordillera

2005-02-28T00:49:00.000-08:00

(from old Spanish cordilla, �cord,� or �little rope�), a system of mountain ranges that often consist of a number of more or less parallel chains. Cordilleras are an extensive feature in the Americas and Eurasia. In North America the Rocky Mountains, the Sierra Nevadas, and the mountains between them are collectively known as the Cordilleras, and the entire area has been termed

Yun, Isang

2005-02-27T19:36:00.000-08:00

Yun began composing at the age of 14 and studied music in Japan in Osaka and Tokyo. He returned to Korea, where he was active in the resistance movement against the Japanese during World War

'abd Ar-rahman Ii

2005-02-26T15:25:00.000-08:00

'Abd ar-Rahman II was the grandson of his namesake, founder of the Umayyad dynasty in Spain. His reign was an administrative watershed. As the influence of the 'Abba sid Caliphate, then at the peak of its splendour, grew,

Varthema, Lodovico De

2005-02-25T01:14:00.000-08:00

De Varthema also spelled �Di Barthema, �Latin �Vartomanus, or Vertomannus, � intrepid Italian traveler and adventurer whose account of his Middle Eastern and Asiatic wanderings was widely circulated throughout Europe and earned him high fame in his own lifetime. He made significant discoveries (especially in Arabia) and made many valuable observations of the peoples he visited; his ready wit enabled

Phibunsongkhram, Luang

2005-02-23T08:14:00.000-08:00

He was educated at the royal military academy, and in 1914 he entered the Siamese artillery corps. In 1924 - 27 he took advanced military training in France, where he became involved with Thai students who

Conakry

2005-02-21T05:38:00.000-08:00

Also spelled �Konakry, � national capital, largest city, and chief Atlantic port, western Guinea. Conakry lies on Tombo (Tumbo) Island and the Kaloum Peninsula. Founded by the French in 1884, it derived its name from a local village inhabited by the Susu (Soussou) people. Subsequently it became capital of the protectorate of Rivi�res du Sud (1891), of the colony of French Guinea (1893), and of independent Guinea (1958). Tombo

St�del Art Institute And Municipal Gallery

2005-02-20T08:31:00.000-08:00

German �St�delsches Kunstinstitut Und St�dtische Galerie, � museum of art located in Frankfurt am Main, Ger. It was founded in 1816 by a bequest from the banker Johann Friedrich St�del (1728 - 1816), who donated his fortune and his art collection to found the institution as an art museum and art school. The institute opened its art collection to the public in 1817. The museum contains examples of work from most of the western European schools of painting

Earth

2005-02-19T20:11:00.000-08:00

Terrestrial body whose solid surface, abundant waters, and oxygen-rich atmosphere have combined to create conditions suitable for life. This article discusses the structure, composition, and properties of the solid Earth. For detailed treatment of its surface features, atmosphere, and waters, see the articles atmosphere, hydrosphere, ocean, river, lake, and continental

Animuccia, Giovanni

2005-02-18T05:06:00.000-08:00

Little is known of Animuccia's life until 1555, when he became choirmaster at St. Peter's Basilica, Rome. His laudi spirituali, religious part-songs sung in Italian, were composed to be performed during St. Philip Neri's popular services at the Oratory of San Girolamo

Freedom Rides

2005-02-17T06:38:00.000-08:00

In 1946 the U.S. Supreme Court banned segregation in interstate bus travel. A year later the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and the Fellowship of Reconciliation tested the ruling by staging the Journey of Reconciliation, on which

Amidah

2005-02-16T00:53:00.000-08:00

Yamasaki, Minoru

2005-02-15T10:54:00.000-08:00

Following his graduation from the University of Washington, Seattle, Yamasaki went in 1934 to New York City, where he held a number of design positions

Levn�, Abd�lcelil

2005-02-13T21:24:00.000-08:00

He went as a young man to Constantinople, where he studied at the academy of painting at the Topkapi Palace. He later became chief court painter to the Ottoman sultan Mustafa II, and he probably held the same post under the successor

Sea, Law Of The

2005-02-12T19:28:00.000-08:00

Law codified in a treaty signed Dec. 10, 1982, by 117 nations (and two republics of the U.S.S.R., Belorussia and Ukraine) in Montego Bay, Jamaica. It represented an attempt to codify international law regarding territorial waters, sea lanes, and ocean resources. It was not signed by the United States, the United Kingdom, West Germany, Israel, Italy, and several other industrialized or developing

Property Law, Public nuisance

2005-02-11T14:16:00.000-08:00

In Anglo-American law the concept of public nuisance serves as a bridge between the private law of nuisance and the avowedly public law of zoning and eminent domain. The concept of public nuisance is closest to that of private nuisance in situations in which a public officer, acting on behalf of the community, brings suit to abate a nuisance that differs from a private

Gairdner, Lake

2005-02-10T11:51:00.000-08:00

Largest of a group of shallow depressions west of Lake Torrens in central South Australia, 240 mi northwest of Adelaide. It measures 100 mi (160 km) long by 30 mi wide. Lying at the base of the Eyre Peninsula, the lake is a dry salt pan (playa) intermittently filled with water. Visited in 1857 almost simultaneously by Stephen Hack and Peter E. Warburton, it is named after Gordon Gairdner, former

Dengue

2005-02-09T11:36:00.000-08:00

The carrier incriminated

Pacific Islands, Micronesia

2005-02-08T05:04:00.000-08:00

Eight or 10 cultural-linguistic areas in Micronesia attest to its greater heterogeneity. Palau, Yap, and the Mariana Islands, in western Micronesia, suggest affinities with Melanesia, Indonesia, and the Philippines. The customary siting of island farmsteads and hamlets near the shore reflects the prevailing interest in fishing, canoeing, and interisland trade. Except

Arruza, Carlos

2005-02-07T09:42:00.000-08:00

Born in Mexico of Spanish parents, he began as a professional torero at the age of 14 in Mexico City. He went to Spain in 1944 billed as �El Cicl�n� and soon was ranked as the most serious contender to challenge Manolete's preeminence

Infection, Temperature regulation

2005-02-06T07:24:00.000-08:00

Although it has been generally accepted that the usual range of deep body temperature is from 97.2� F to 100� F (36.2� C to 37.8� C), temperatures of 95.9� F to 101.2� F (35.5� C to 38.4� C) have been reported in normal individuals. The rectal temperature of a person may read 101� F (38.3� C) in the afternoon or after exercise. Core body temperature, in fact, varies with time of day, environmental temperature, physical activity, food intake,

Conscience, Hendrik

2005-02-05T17:21:00.000-08:00

Conscience's father was French, his mother Flemish. He spent some of his early years as an assistant teacher (1828 - 30), took part in the uprising of July 1830 (which resulted in the independence of Belgium), and served in

Argentina, Mesopotamia

2005-02-04T03:58:00.000-08:00

East of the Gran Chaco, in a narrow depression 60 to 180 miles (100 to 300 km) wide, lies Mesopotamia, which is bordered to the north by the highlands of southern Brazil. The narrow lowland stretches for 1,000 miles (1,600 km) southward, finally merging with the Pampas south of the R�o de la Plata. Its designation as Mesopotamia (Greek: �Between the Rivers�) reflects the fact that its western and eastern

Great Rye Island

2005-02-03T08:05:00.000-08:00

Slovak �Vel'k� Zitn� Ostrov� riverine island, Z�padn� Slovensko kraj (region), Slovakia. The island lies southeast of Bratislava, between the Little Danube and V�h rivers to the north and the Danube to the south. It is composed of rich alluvial sediments deposited by the Danube in the Little Alf�ld, which is a plain shared by Hungary and Slovakia. Like Little Sch�tt Island (Szigetk�z) on the Hungarian

Literature, Hebrew.

2005-02-02T16:57:00.000-08:00

The main issue of Hebrew fiction since its revival in the 19th century, that of identity, was reflected in 1996 in novels dealing with the early days of Tel Aviv. They included Nathan Shaham's Lev Tel Aviv ("The Heart of Tel Aviv") and the new edition of Dan Tsalka's Filip Arbes. The same topic was explored on the one hand in a novel that went back to the Holocaust--Ori Dromer's O'ri ("My Skin")--and

John George I

2005-02-01T23:21:00.000-08:00

An easygoing, indolent drunkard whose chief wish was �to drink his beer in peace,� he was a faithful adherent of the house of Habsburg. As a result of his inability

Abakanowicz, Magdalena

2005-01-31T11:55:00.000-08:00

A descendant of Polish nobility, Abakanowicz studied at the School of Fine Arts in Sopot, Poland (1949), and graduated from the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw (1955). She began working as an independent artist in 1956 and initially earned success for large, three-dimensional

Peregrinatio Etheriae

2005-01-30T10:51:00.000-08:00

English �Pilgrimage of Etheria� an anonymous and incomplete account of a western European nun's travels in the Middle East, written for her colleagues at home, near the end of the 4th century. It gives important information about religious life and the observances of the church year in the localities visited, which included the chief holy places of the Old and New Testaments in Egypt, Palestine, and

Hindu Kush

2005-01-29T04:01:00.000-08:00

The Hindu Kush is one of the great watersheds of Central Asia, forming part of the vast Alpine zone that stretches across Eurasia from east to west. It runs northeast to southwest and divides the valley of the Amu Darya (the ancient Oxus River) to the north from the Indus

Kochno, Boris

2005-01-28T22:45:00.000-08:00

Kochno studied at the Imperial Lyc�e in Moscow until the 1917 Russian Revolution, when he and his mother left the country, eventually

Fishing Cat

2005-01-27T14:13:00.000-08:00

(species Felis viverrina), tropical cat of the family Felidae, found in India and Southeast Asia. The coat of the fishing cat is pale gray to deep brownish gray and marked with dark spots and streaks. The adult animal stands about 40 cm (16 inches) at the shoulder, weighs 8 - 11 kg (18 - 24 pounds), and is from 60 to 85 cm long, excluding the black-ringed tail, which accounts for an additional 25 - 30 cm. The fishing

Hendricks, Thomas A(ndrews)

2005-01-26T06:54:00.000-08:00

From 1863 until his death Hendricks was prominent in national Democratic politics. He was the vice-presidential running mate of Samuel J. Tilden in the disputed election of 1876, losing by the decision of a special Electoral Commission. In 1880 he expressed interest in becoming a presidential nominee but was unsuccessful. Nominated as vice president again in 1884, he was finally elected with Cleveland but died less than nine months after his inauguration.

Ramkhamhaeng

2005-01-24T23:10:00.000-08:00

On the death of his brother, King Ban Muang, about 1279, Ramkhamhaeng inherited his tiny kingdom of only a few hundred square miles. Over the next two decades - by careful diplomacy, shrewd alliances, and military

Middle West

2005-01-23T10:39:00.000-08:00

Also called �Midwest, or North Central States, � region, northern and central United States, lying midway between the Appalachian and Rocky mountains and north of the Ohio River and the 37th parallel. The Middle West, as defined by the federal government, comprises the states of Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. Actually composed of

Rodent

2005-01-22T19:38:00.000-08:00

Rodents have lived on the planet for at least 56 million years and modern humans for less than one million, but the consequences of their interactions during that short overlap of evolutionary time have been profound. For rodents, early humans were just another predator to avoid, but with Homo sapiens' transition from nomadic hunting and gathering to sedentary agricultural

Pacorus Ii

2005-01-21T20:20:00.000-08:00

In 110 Pacorus sold the Parthian client kingdom of Osro�ne to Abgar VII, son of Izates, ruler of Adiabene. It is uncertain whether Pacorus was alive when the Roman emperor Trajan invaded

Punjab

2005-01-20T19:48:00.000-08:00

The foundations of the present Punjab (historical Pa�jab) were laid by Banda Singh Bahadur, a hermit who became a military leader and, with his fighting band of Sikhs, temporarily liberated the eastern part of the province from Mughal rule in 1709 - 10. Banda Singh's defeat and execution in 1716 were followed by a prolonged struggle between the Sikhs on one side and the Mughals and Afghans

Loxton

2005-01-19T10:30:00.000-08:00

Town, southeastern South Australia. It lies along the Murray River and is the service centre for an extensive, irrigated fruit-raising area. Major European settlement of the region began in 1894, and the town of Loxton, named after William Loxton, a boundary rider at a nearby sheep station (ranch), was proclaimed in 1907. Wheat, wool, fruit, and grapes are produced in the area, and the

Tachometer

2005-01-18T15:57:00.000-08:00

Mechanical

Themis

2005-01-17T19:08:00.000-08:00

(Greek: Order), in Greek religion, personification of justice, goddess of wisdom and good counsel, and the interpreter of the gods' will. According to some sources, she was the daughter of Uranus (Heaven) and Gaea (Earth), although at times she was apparently identified with Gaea. She was Zeus's second consort and by him the mother of the Horae (see Hora), the Moirai, and, in some traditions,

Brieux, Eug�ne

2005-01-16T18:18:00.000-08:00

French dramatist, one of the leading exponents of the realist drama, whose somewhat didactic works attacked the social evils of his day. Brieux's works formed part of the repertory of the famed Th��tre-Libre of Andr� Antoine, which had a far-reaching effect on the spread of the new naturalistic style. Playwright and critic George Bernard Shaw described

Volkswagen Ag

2005-01-15T10:33:00.000-08:00

The company was originally operated by the German Labour Front (Deutsche Arbeitsfront), a Nazi organization; and Ferdinand Porsche was brought in to design the car. Production was interrupted by World War II, and by the

Aulard, Fran�ois-alphonse

2005-01-14T18:16:00.000-08:00

Aulard obtained his doctorate in 1877 and until 1884 taught French literature in various provincial universities. In 1879 he

Grade Scale

2005-01-13T13:36:00.000-08:00

In sedimentology, division of a continuous range of particle sizes into a series of discrete groups, called grades. Several such scales have been devised for the purpose of standardizing terms and providing a basis for statistical analysis. On most scales, the finest particles are designated clay, followed by silt and then sand; other grades, which vary from scale

Gynecological Examination

2005-01-12T14:48:00.000-08:00

Procedures aimed at assessing the health of a woman's reproductive system. The general examination usually makes use of a speculum for a view of the vagina and cervix. More specialized procedures include the Pap smear (q.v.) for the detection of cancer of the cervix. In the diagnosis of possible infertility, useful procedures include the Rubin's test, which helps determine

Cuckoopint

2005-01-11T20:04:00.000-08:00

The cuckoopint grows from a whitish rootstock, which

Nabis

2005-01-10T18:30:00.000-08:00

Group of artists who, through their widely diverse activities, were a major influence on the art produced in France during the late 19th century. Preaching that a work of art is the end product and visual expression of an artist's synthesis of nature into personal aesthetic metaphors and symbols, they paved the way for the early 20th-century development of abstract and

Digestive System Disease, Roundworms

2005-01-09T06:45:00.000-08:00

Roundworms, particularly Ascaris lumbricoides, may cause intestinal obstruction if present in sufficient numbers. As they mature from the larval state to the adult worm, roundworms migrate through the body, causing ascariasis, an infection characterized by fever, pneumonitis (lung inflammation), cholangitis (inflammation of the bile ducts), and pancreatitis

Kyd, Thomas

2005-01-08T14:58:00.000-08:00

English dramatist who, with his The Spanish Tragedie (sometimes called Hieronimo, or Jeronimo, after its protagonist), initiated the revenge tragedy of his day. Kyd anticipated the structure of many later plays, including the development of middle and final climaxes. In addition, he revealed an instinctive sense of tragic situation,

Moscow, Grand Principality Of

2005-01-07T15:50:00.000-08:00

Muscovy became a distinct principality during the second half of the 13th century under the rule of Daniel, the youngest son of the Rurik prince Alexander

Python

2005-01-06T13:02:00.000-08:00

In Greek mythology, a huge serpent that was killed by the god Apollo at Delphi either because it would not let him found his oracle, being accustomed itself to giving oracles, or because it had persecuted Apollo's mother, Leto, during her pregnancy. In the earliest account the serpent is nameless and female, but later it is male and named Python (Pytho was the old name for

Botswana, Transport

2005-01-05T14:06:00.000-08:00

The 400-mile railway along the eastern side of the country was completed in 1897, linking South Africa and Zimbabwe, but had limited impact on the Botswana economy until the 1970s, when the first branch lines were opened to serve mining areas. At independence in 1966, there were only a few miles of paved roads - all inside town boundaries. Since then the major towns have been linked by paved

Sesostris I

2005-01-04T00:58:00.000-08:00

Sesostris became coregent in 1918 BC with his aging father, Amenemhet I, who had founded the 12th dynasty. While his father completed his domestic reforms, Sesostris undertook the conquest of Nubia, to the south of Egypt, and in the year 30 of his father's reign

Earth, The magnetotail current

2005-01-03T03:08:00.000-08:00

Radially outward near local midnight rather than at local noon, there is an entirely different current system. Beginning at approximately 10 Re and extending well beyond 200 Re is the tail current system. This current is from dawn to dusk in the same direction as the ring current on the nightside of the Earth. In fact, it is produced by the same mechanism except that, in this

Kiefer, Anselm

2005-01-02T19:47:00.000-08:00

Kiefer abandoned his law studies at the University of Freiburg in 1966 to pursue art. He subsequently studied at art academies in Freiburg, Karlsruhe, and Dusseldorf. In the latter city in 1970 he became a student of the conceptual

France, History Of, Pepin III the Short

2005-01-01T16:41:00.000-08:00

Carloman's entrance into a monastery in 747 reunited Carolingian holdings. Pepin the Short, who had

New York City, Greater New York

2004-12-31T16:27:00.000-08:00

The Democratic machine reigned, its excesses became apparent, reformers arose and were temporarily triumphant, and then voters restored a chastened Tammany to power. A generation after Tweed fell, the Croker regime was successfully challenged by reformers who elected Mayor William Strong. Once consolidation won voter support, the

Jerez De Garc�a Salinas

2004-12-30T08:46:00.000-08:00

City, south-central Zacatecas estado (�state�), north-central Mexico. Formerly known simply as Jerez, the city is on the Jerez River, 6,650 feet (2,027 m) above sea level and southwest of Zacatecas, the state capital. It is the commercial and manufacturing centre for an agricultural and pastoral hinterland in which beans, quince, and apples are the principal crops and horses, pigs, sheep,

Robert-houdin, Jean-eug�ne

2004-12-29T11:10:00.000-08:00

Original name �Jean-Eug�ne Robert� French magician who is considered to be the father of modern conjuring. He was the first magician to use electricity; he improved the signalling method for the �thought transference� trick; and he exposed �fakes� and magicians who relied on supernatural explanations for their feats. Although he did not do away with apparatus, he

Wolf, Friedrich August

2004-12-28T04:02:00.000-08:00

Extremely precocious, Wolf learned Greek, Latin, and French as a child. He was largely self-taught when in 1777 he

Ramiro Ii

2004-12-27T20:35:00.000-08:00

King of Leon and Asturias in Christian Spain from 931 to 951. The second son of King Ordo�o II, he became king on the abdication of his elder brother, Alfonso IV. Ramiro was an exceptional general who scored several major victories (e.g., the Battle of Simancas, 939) over the caliphate of C�rdoba in Muslim Spain. In 944 he negotiated a five-year truce with the caliph 'Abd

Asam, Cosmas Damian; And Asam, Egid Quirin

2004-12-26T13:00:00.000-08:00

Principal late Baroque exponents of illusionist decoration in religious architecture. The Asam brothers were part of a generation of Germans educated in Rome in the Italian Baroque tradition. Their works, primarily produced in collaboration, are notable

Metallurgy

2004-12-25T01:04:00.000-08:00

Art and science of extracting metals from their ores and modifying the metals for use. Metallurgy customarily refers to commercial as opposed to laboratory methods. It also concerns the chemical, physical, and atomic properties and structures of metals and the principles whereby metals are combined to form alloys.

Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl Of, Baron Cooper Of Pawlett, Baron Ashley Of Wimborne St. Giles

2004-12-24T06:12:00.000-08:00

His early education was directed by John Locke, and he attended Winchester College. He entered Parliament in 1695 and, succeeding as 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury in 1699, attended Parliament regularly in the House of Lords for the remainder

Roman Catholicism, History Of, Religious life in the 17th and 18th centuries

2004-12-23T06:59:00.000-08:00

Yet it would be a mistake to allow the narrative of these controversies to monopolize one's attention. Less dramatic but no less important was the continuing life of the Roman Catholic Church during these centuries as �mother and teacher.� Bossuet was not only the formulator of Gallican ideology but also one of the finest preachers of Christian history. He addressed

Mansehra

2004-12-22T18:36:00.000-08:00

Town, northeastern North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan. The town is situated at the southern end of the Pakhli Plain on the Bhut Stream, a tributary to the Siran River, at an elevation of 3,682 feet (1,122 m) above sea level. It is a market town surrounded by pine-covered hills and has a flour mill, a woolen-yarn mill, and an agricultural research centre. The nearby Asokan rock edicts

Brachiation

2004-12-21T16:55:00.000-08:00

In animal behaviour, specialized form of arboreal locomotion in which movement is accomplished by swinging from one hold to another by the arms. The process is highly developed in the gibbon and siamang, which are anatomically adapted for it in the length of their forelimbs, their long hooklike fingers, and the mobility of their shoulder joints. The South American

Gauss's Law

2004-12-20T13:42:00.000-08:00

Either of two statements describing electric and magnetic fluxes. Gauss's law for electricity states that the electric flux across any closed surface is proportional to the net electric charge enclosed by the surface. The law implies that isolated electric charges exist and that like charges repel one another while unlike charges attract. Gauss's law for magnetism

Gamagori

2004-12-19T19:51:00.000-08:00

City, Aichi Prefecture (ken), Honshu, Japan, facing Mikawa-wan (Mikawa Bay). The city has been well known for the manufacture of cotton textiles since the Tokugawa era (1603 - 1867). Mandarin orange orchards grace the mountain slopes behind Gamagori, which also serves as a seaside resort. There are hot-spring spas nearby. The city is connected by bridge to offshore Take-shima (Take Island),

Earth, Paleontological research

2004-12-18T08:52:00.000-08:00

Many paleontological observations are most easily explained by continental drift and/or polar wandering. For example, fossils of the freshwater reptile Mesosaurus, which lived 270,000,000 years ago, are found only in South America and Africa. The reptile's bone structure was such that it probably could not have swum across the Atlantic, but if South America and Africa had been

Futures

2004-12-17T19:35:00.000-08:00

Commercial contract calling for the purchase or sale of specified quantities of a commodity at specified future dates. The origin of futures contracts was in trade in agricultural commodities, and the term commodity is used to define the underlying asset even though the contract is frequently completely divorced from the product. It therefore differs from

Low, Juliette Gordon

2004-12-16T06:34:00.000-08:00

Juliette Gordon was born into a prominent Georgia family. She was educated at private schools in Virginia and New York City and for some years thereafter traveled widely. She married William M. Low, a fellow native of Savannah, Georgia, who was living in England,

Biblical Literature, In Christianity

2004-12-15T16:50:00.000-08:00

The Hebrew Bible is as basic to Christianity as it is to Judaism. Without the Old Testament, the New Testament could not have been written and there could have been no man like Jesus; Christianity could not have been what it became. This has to do with cultural values, basic human values, as much as with religious beliefs. The Genesis stories of prehistoric events and people

Diorite

2004-12-14T05:35:00.000-08:00

Medium- to coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock that commonly is composed of about two-thirds plagioclase feldspar and one-third dark-coloured minerals, such as hornblende or biotite. The presence of sodium-rich feldspar, oligoclase or andesine, in contrast to calcium-rich plagioclase, labradorite or bytownite, is the main distinction between diorite and gabbro

Abajo Mountains

2004-12-13T11:31:00.000-08:00

Volcanic segment of the Colorado Plateau, in San Juan county, southeastern Utah, U.S. Abajo Peak (11,362 feet [3,463 metres]) is the highest point in the mountains, which comprise eight summits and are embraced by the Manti-LaSal National Forest. The heavily forested range is locally called the Blue Mountains for its appearance. Mining and lumbering are the main economic activities

Metacarpal

2004-12-11T16:04:00.000-08:00

Any of several tubular bones between the wrist (carpal) bones and each of the forelimb digits in land vertebrates, corresponding to the metatarsal bones of the foot. Originally numbering five, metacarpals in many mammals have undergone much change and reduction during evolution. The lower leg of the horse, for example, includes only one strengthened metacarpal;